CSS现代布局艺术：从基础到高级的10个实战技巧

一、现代CSS布局技术全景

2023年CSS核心技术：

Flexbox：一维布局解决方案
Grid：二维布局系统
容器查询：元素自适应新标准
层叠上下文：深度掌握z-index
CSS变量：动态样式管理

二、Flexbox实战技巧

1. 完美垂直居中

<div class="flex-center">
    <div class="content">居中对齐</div>
</div>

<style>
.flex-center {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    height: 100vh;
}

.content {
    width: 200px;
    padding: 20px;
    background: #f0f0f0;
}
</style>

2. 等分布局

<div class="equal-columns">
    <div>列1</div>
    <div>列2</div>
    <div>列3</div>
</div>

<style>
.equal-columns {
    display: flex;
    gap: 20px;
}

.equal-columns > div {
    flex: 1;
    padding: 15px;
    background: #e0e0e0;
}
</style>

三、Grid布局高级应用

1. 杂志风格布局

<div class="magazine-layout">
    <div class="featured">特色文章</div>
    <div>文章1</div>
    <div>文章2</div>
    <div>文章3</div>
    <div class="sidebar">侧边栏</div>
</div>

<style>
.magazine-layout {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    grid-auto-rows: minmax(150px, auto);
    gap: 20px;
}

.featured {
    grid-column: span 2;
    grid-row: span 2;
    background: #ffeb3b;
}

.sidebar {
    grid-row: span 3;
    background: #e0e0e0;
}
</style>

2. 响应式网格

<div class="responsive-grid">
    <div>项目1</div>
    <div>项目2</div>
    <!-- 更多项目... -->
</div>

<style>
.responsive-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(250px, 1fr));
    gap: 15px;
}

@media (max-width: 600px) {
    .responsive-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }
}
</style>

四、CSS容器查询

1. 组件级响应式设计

<div class="card-container">
    <div class="card">
        <h3>卡片标题</h3>
        <p>卡片内容...</p>
    </div>
</div>

<style>
.card-container {
    container-type: inline-size;
}

.card {
    padding: 1rem;
    background: white;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

@container (min-width: 400px) {
    .card {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr;
        gap: 20px;
    }
}
</style>

五、CSS动画与过渡

1. 微交互动画

<button class="animated-button">悬停效果</button>

<style>
.animated-button {
    padding: 12px 24px;
    background: #6200ea;
    color: white;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 4px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.animated-button:hover {
    background: #3700b3;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}

.animated-button::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    left: 50%;
    width: 5px;
    height: 5px;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
    opacity: 0;
    border-radius: 100%;
    transform: scale(1, 1) translate(-50%, -50%);
    transform-origin: 50% 50%;
}

.animated-button:focus:not(:active)::after {
    animation: ripple 0.6s ease-out;
}

@keyframes ripple {
    0% {
        transform: scale(0, 0);
        opacity: 0.5;
    }
    100% {
        transform: scale(20, 20);
        opacity: 0;
    }
}
</style>

六、CSS变量实战

1. 主题切换实现

<div class="theme-switcher">
    <button onclick="setTheme('light')">浅色</button>
    <button onclick="setTheme('dark')">深色</button>
</div>

<div class="themeable-box">
    主题内容区域
</div>

<style>
:root {
    --primary-color: #6200ea;
    --bg-color: #ffffff;
    --text-color: #212121;
}

[data-theme="dark"] {
    --primary-color: #bb86fc;
    --bg-color: #121212;
    --text-color: #e0e0e0;
}

.themeable-box {
    padding: 2rem;
    background: var(--bg-color);
    color: var(--text-color);
    border: 2px solid var(--primary-color);
}

<script>
function setTheme(theme) {
    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', theme);
    localStorage.setItem('theme', theme);
}

// 初始化主题
const savedTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') || 'light';
setTheme(savedTheme);
</script>