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PHP RESTful API开发实战：构建高性能用户管理系统 | PHP后端开发教程

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2025-10-10 0 449

从零开始构建完整的RESTful API，掌握现代PHP后端开发核心技术

项目概述

本教程将带领大家使用纯PHP开发一个完整的RESTful API用户管理系统。我们将采用面向对象编程、PDO数据库操作、JWT认证等现代PHP开发技术，构建一个可用于生产环境的后端API服务。

技术栈

  • PHP 7.4+：服务器端脚本语言
  • MySQL 8.0：关系型数据库
  • PDO：数据库抽象层
  • JWT：身份认证机制
  • RESTful架构：API设计规范

开发环境配置

首先确保你的开发环境满足以下要求：

环境要求


PHP版本：7.4或更高
MySQL版本：5.7或更高
Web服务器：Apache或Nginx
扩展要求：PDO、JSON、OpenSSL

项目目录结构


user-management-api/
├── config/
│   └── database.php
├── controllers/
│   ├── UserController.php
│   └── AuthController.php
├── models/
│   └── User.php
├── utils/
│   ├── JWT.php
│   └── Response.php
├── .htaccess
└── index.php

数据库设计与实现

我们设计一个用户表来存储用户信息和认证数据。

用户表结构


CREATE TABLE users (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    username VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    first_name VARCHAR(50),
    last_name VARCHAR(50),
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    status ENUM('active', 'inactive') DEFAULT 'active'
);

数据库配置类


<?php
// config/database.php
class Database {
    private $host = "localhost";
    private $db_name = "user_management";
    private $username = "root";
    private $password = "";
    public $conn;

    public function getConnection() {
        $this->conn = null;
        try {
            $this->conn = new PDO(
                "mysql:host=" . $this->host . ";dbname=" . $this->db_name,
                $this->username,
                $this->password
            );
            $this->conn->exec("set names utf8");
            $this->conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
        } catch(PDOException $exception) {
            echo "Connection error: " . $exception->getMessage();
        }
        return $this->conn;
    }
}
?>

核心API实现

用户模型类


<?php
// models/User.php
class User {
    private $conn;
    private $table_name = "users";

    public $id;
    public $username;
    public $email;
    public $password;
    public $first_name;
    public $last_name;
    public $created_at;
    public $updated_at;
    public $status;

    public function __construct($db) {
        $this->conn = $db;
    }

    // 创建用户
    public function create() {
        $query = "INSERT INTO " . $this->table_name . "
                SET username=:username, email=:email, password=:password,
                    first_name=:first_name, last_name=:last_name, status=:status";
        
        $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($query);
        
        // 密码加密
        $this->password = password_hash($this->password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
        
        $stmt->bindParam(":username", $this->username);
        $stmt->bindParam(":email", $this->email);
        $stmt->bindParam(":password", $this->password);
        $stmt->bindParam(":first_name", $this->first_name);
        $stmt->bindParam(":last_name", $this->last_name);
        $stmt->bindParam(":status", $this->status);
        
        if($stmt->execute()) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    // 用户登录验证
    public function login() {
        $query = "SELECT id, username, password, status 
                FROM " . $this->table_name . " 
                WHERE username = :username 
                LIMIT 0,1";
        
        $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($query);
        $stmt->bindParam(':username', $this->username);
        $stmt->execute();
        
        if($stmt->rowCount() > 0) {
            $row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
            
            if(password_verify($this->password, $row['password'])) {
                $this->id = $row['id'];
                $this->status = $row['status'];
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    // 获取用户信息
    public function readOne() {
        $query = "SELECT id, username, email, first_name, last_name, created_at, status
                FROM " . $this->table_name . "
                WHERE id = ?
                LIMIT 0,1";
        
        $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($query);
        $stmt->bindParam(1, $this->id);
        $stmt->execute();
        
        $row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        
        if($row) {
            $this->username = $row['username'];
            $this->email = $row['email'];
            $this->first_name = $row['first_name'];
            $this->last_name = $row['last_name'];
            $this->created_at = $row['created_at'];
            $this->status = $row['status'];
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}
?>

JWT工具类


<?php
// utils/JWT.php
class JWT {
    private $secret_key = "your_secret_key_here";
    private $algorithm = 'HS256';
    
    public function generateToken($payload) {
        $header = $this->base64url_encode(json_encode([
            'alg' => $this->algorithm,
            'typ' => 'JWT'
        ]));
        
        $payload['exp'] = time() + (60 * 60); // 1小时过期
        $payload = $this->base64url_encode(json_encode($payload));
        
        $signature = $this->base64url_encode(
            hash_hmac('sha256', "$header.$payload", $this->secret_key, true)
        );
        
        return "$header.$payload.$signature";
    }
    
    public function validateToken($token) {
        $parts = explode('.', $token);
        
        if(count($parts) != 3) {
            return false;
        }
        
        list($header, $payload, $signature) = $parts;
        
        $valid_signature = $this->base64url_encode(
            hash_hmac('sha256', "$header.$payload", $this->secret_key, true)
        );
        
        if($signature !== $valid_signature) {
            return false;
        }
        
        $data = json_decode($this->base64url_decode($payload), true);
        
        if(isset($data['exp']) && $data['exp'] < time()) {
            return false;
        }
        
        return $data;
    }
    
    private function base64url_encode($data) {
        return rtrim(strtr(base64_encode($data), '+/', '-_'), '=');
    }
    
    private function base64url_decode($data) {
        return base64_decode(str_pad(strtr($data, '-_', '+/'), strlen($data) % 4, '=', STR_PAD_RIGHT));
    }
}
?>

用户控制器


<?php
// controllers/UserController.php
class UserController {
    private $user;
    private $jwt;
    
    public function __construct($db) {
        $this->user = new User($db);
        $this->jwt = new JWT();
    }
    
    public function register() {
        $data = json_decode(file_get_contents("php://input"));
        
        if(!empty($data->username) && !empty($data->email) && !empty($data->password)) {
            $this->user->username = $data->username;
            $this->user->email = $data->email;
            $this->user->password = $data->password;
            $this->user->first_name = $data->first_name ?? '';
            $this->user->last_name = $data->last_name ?? '';
            $this->user->status = 'active';
            
            if($this->user->create()) {
                http_response_code(201);
                echo json_encode([
                    "message" => "用户注册成功",
                    "user_id" => $this->user->id
                ]);
            } else {
                http_response_code(503);
                echo json_encode(["message" => "用户注册失败"]);
            }
        } else {
            http_response_code(400);
            echo json_encode(["message" => "数据不完整"]);
        }
    }
    
    public function login() {
        $data = json_decode(file_get_contents("php://input"));
        
        if(!empty($data->username) && !empty($data->password)) {
            $this->user->username = $data->username;
            $this->user->password = $data->password;
            
            if($this->user->login()) {
                $token = $this->jwt->generateToken([
                    "user_id" => $this->user->id,
                    "username" => $this->user->username
                ]);
                
                echo json_encode([
                    "message" => "登录成功",
                    "token" => $token,
                    "user_id" => $this->user->id
                ]);
            } else {
                http_response_code(401);
                echo json_encode(["message" => "登录失败"]);
            }
        } else {
            http_response_code(400);
            echo json_encode(["message" => "用户名或密码不能为空"]);
        }
    }
    
    public function getProfile() {
        $headers = apache_request_headers();
        
        if(!isset($headers['Authorization'])) {
            http_response_code(401);
            echo json_encode(["message" => "需要认证"]);
            return;
        }
        
        $token = str_replace('Bearer ', '', $headers['Authorization']);
        $payload = $this->jwt->validateToken($token);
        
        if(!$payload) {
            http_response_code(401);
            echo json_encode(["message" => "无效的token"]);
            return;
        }
        
        $this->user->id = $payload['user_id'];
        
        if($this->user->readOne()) {
            echo json_encode([
                "id" => $this->user->id,
                "username" => $this->user->username,
                "email" => $this->user->email,
                "first_name" => $this->user->first_name,
                "last_name" => $this->user->last_name,
                "created_at" => $this->user->created_at,
                "status" => $this->user->status
            ]);
        } else {
            http_response_code(404);
            echo json_encode(["message" => "用户不存在"]);
        }
    }
}
?>

安全优化与最佳实践

安全措施

  • 密码加密：使用password_hash()进行强哈希加密
  • SQL注入防护：使用PDO预处理语句
  • JWT认证：无状态的身份验证机制
  • 输入验证：对所有用户输入进行严格验证
  • HTTPS强制：生产环境启用HTTPS

API路由配置


<?php
// index.php
header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *");
header("Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8");
header("Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE");
header("Access-Control-Max-Age: 3600");
header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type, Access-Control-Allow-Headers, Authorization, X-Requested-With");

include_once 'config/database.php';
include_once 'models/User.php';
include_once 'utils/JWT.php';
include_once 'controllers/UserController.php';

$database = new Database();
$db = $database->getConnection();

$userController = new UserController($db);

$request_method = $_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"];
$path = parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH);
$path_segments = explode('/', $path);

switch($request_method) {
    case 'POST':
        if($path_segments[count($path_segments)-1] == 'register') {
            $userController->register();
        } elseif($path_segments[count($path_segments)-1] == 'login') {
            $userController->login();
        }
        break;
    case 'GET':
        if($path_segments[count($path_segments)-1] == 'profile') {
            $userController->getProfile();
        }
        break;
    default:
        http_response_code(405);
        echo json_encode(["message" => "方法不允许"]);
        break;
}
?>

.htaccess配置


RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php [QSA,L]

# 安全头设置
Header always set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
Header always set X-Frame-Options DENY
Header always set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"

API测试示例

用户注册


POST /api/register
Content-Type: application/json

{
    "username": "john_doe",
    "email": "john@example.com",
    "password": "securepassword123",
    "first_name": "John",
    "last_name": "Doe"
}

用户登录


POST /api/login
Content-Type: application/json

{
    "username": "john_doe",
    "password": "securepassword123"
}

获取用户信息


GET /api/profile
Authorization: Bearer your_jwt_token_here

性能优化建议

  • 数据库索引：为常用查询字段添加索引
  • 连接池：使用数据库连接池减少连接开销
  • 缓存策略：对频繁查询的数据使用Redis缓存
  • 代码优化：避免N+1查询问题，使用延迟加载
  • API限流：实现请求频率限制防止滥用

PHP RESTful API开发实战：构建高性能用户管理系统 | PHP后端开发教程
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