一、测试框架技术选型

企业级测试框架核心组件：

• Pytest：测试执行与报告
• Selenium：Web UI自动化
• Requests：API测试库
• Allure：测试报告生成
• Jenkins：持续集成

二、框架架构设计

1. 项目目录结构

test_framework/
├── config/              # 配置文件
│   ├── settings.py      # 全局配置
│   └── pytest.ini       # Pytest配置
├── pages/               # 页面对象模型
│   ├── login_page.py
│   └── home_page.py
├── tests/               # 测试用例
│   ├── ui/              # UI测试
│   ├── api/             # API测试
│   └── unit/            # 单元测试
├── utils/               # 工具类
│   ├── driver.py        # 浏览器驱动
│   └── report.py        # 报告生成
├── conftest.py          # Pytest插件
└── requirements.txt     # 依赖文件

三、核心模块实现

1. 浏览器驱动封装

# utils/driver.py
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from config import settings

class Driver:
    _instance = None
    
    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
            cls._instance._init_driver()
        return cls._instance
    
    def _init_driver(self):
        options = Options()
        if settings.HEADLESS:
            options.add_argument("--headless")
        options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
        
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(
            executable_path=settings.CHROME_DRIVER_PATH,
            options=options
        )
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(settings.IMPLICIT_WAIT)
    
    @classmethod
    def quit(cls):
        if cls._instance and cls._instance.driver:
            cls._instance.driver.quit()
            cls._instance = None

2. 页面对象模型

# pages/login_page.py
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class LoginPage:
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
        self.url = "https://example.com/login"
        
    def open(self):
        self.driver.get(self.url)
        return self
    
    def login(self, username, password):
        username_field = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10).until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "username"))
        username_field.send_keys(username)
        
        password_field = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "password")
        password_field.send_keys(password)
        
        login_button = self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[@type='submit']")
        login_button.click()
        
        return HomePage(self.driver)

四、测试用例开发

1. UI自动化测试

# tests/ui/test_login.py
import pytest
from pages.login_page import LoginPage
from utils.driver import Driver

@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def setup():
    driver = Driver()
    yield driver
    Driver.quit()

class TestLogin:
    def test_successful_login(self, setup):
        login_page = LoginPage(setup.driver).open()
        home_page = login_page.login("admin", "password123")
        
        assert "Dashboard" in home_page.get_title()
        assert home_page.is_logout_button_displayed()
    
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("username,password", [
        ("wrong", "password123"),
        ("admin", "wrong"),
        ("", "")
    ])
    def test_failed_login(self, setup, username, password):
        login_page = LoginPage(setup.driver).open()
        login_page.login(username, password)
        
        assert "Invalid credentials" in login_page.get_error_message()

2. API自动化测试

# tests/api/test_user_api.py
import requests
import pytest

BASE_URL = "https://api.example.com/v1"

class TestUserAPI:
    def test_get_user(self):
        response = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/1")
        
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert response.json()["id"] == 1
        assert "username" in response.json()
    
    def test_create_user(self):
        payload = {
            "username": "testuser",
            "email": "test@example.com"
        }
        response = requests.post(f"{BASE_URL}/users", json=payload)
        
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert response.json()["username"] == "testuser"
        assert "id" in response.json()

五、测试报告与持续集成

1. Allure测试报告

# 安装Allure
pip install allure-pytest

# 运行测试并生成报告
pytest --alluredir=./reports/allure_results

# 生成HTML报告
allure serve ./reports/allure_results

2. Jenkins持续集成

pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Checkout') {
            steps {
                git 'https://github.com/your-repo/test-framework.git'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Install Dependencies') {
            steps {
                sh 'pip install -r requirements.txt'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Run Tests') {
            steps {
                sh 'pytest --alluredir=./reports/allure_results'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Generate Report') {
            steps {
                allure includeProperties: false, jdk: '', results: [[path: 'reports/allure_results']]
            }
        }
    }
}